What PC? 1996 August

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Text File | 1996-06-12 | 23.8 KB | 685 lines

LASZLO BIRO is born LUIS BUNUEL is born WILLIAM DEMING is born PABLO PICASSO comes to London SIGMUND FREUD writes The Interpretation of Dreams HENRY HEINZ provides New York with its first electric advertising display. It boasts 1,200 lights, and advertises 'good things for the table' @HUBERT CECIL BOOTH patents the vacuum cleaner WALT DISNEY is born HIROHITO is born GUGLIELMO MARCONI transmits radio signals from England to Canada KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKY directs Three Sisters at the Moscow Arts Theatre PABLO PICASSO'S first show is acclaimed by Paris critics GUSTAV MAHLER completes his fourth symphony @HUBERT CECIL BOOTH'S vacuum cleaner is used to clean the carpets of Westminster Abbey PAUL DIRAC is born AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI is born RAY KROC is born @CLAUDE DEBUSSY writes La Mer HENRY FORD sets up The Ford Motor Company LOUIS LEAKEY is born VLADIMIR LENIN'S social democratic party splits into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks GEORGE ORWELL is born EMMELINE PANKHURST founds the Women's Social and Political Union GREGORY PINCUS is born BERTRAND RUSSELL writes After Principles Of Mathematics BENJAMIN SPOCK is born ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT make their first flight which lasts 12 seconds MARIE CURIE becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Prize for physics @SALVADOR DALI is born DENG XIAOPING is born JAMES JOYCE returns briefly to Dublin from Paris HENRI MATISSE'S first major exhibition held in Paris J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER is born ROBERT FALCON SCOTT completes a voyage to the Antarctic KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKY directs Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard @ALBERT EINSTEIN publishes the Special Theory Of Relativity, saying there is no such thing as absolute time or motion WILLIAM R. HEARST fails in his attempt to be elected as independent Mayor of New York JEAN-PAUL SARTRE is born HENRI MATISSE and the other 'wild beasts' are scorned by the Paris critics VLADIMIR LENIN hears in exile of a popular uprising in St. Petersburg SIGMUND FREUD publishes Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory HENRY HEINZ'S company sets up in Great Britain ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT build the flyer III, the first aeroplane capable of flights of over half an hour @LEONID BREZHNEV is born CHESTER CARLSON is born HENRY HEINZ supports the Pure Food and Drug Act ISADORA DUNCAN is forbidden to dance in public by the Berlin police CARL JUNG'S book, Studies in Word Association, is published @W H AUDEN is born RACHEL CARSON is born KATHARINE HEPBURN is born JAMES JOYCE writes a book of poetry entitled Chamber Music GUSTAV MAHLER'S daughter dies, aged four GEORGES DE MESTRAL is born FRANK WHITTLE is born @SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR is born HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON is born CLAUDE DEBUSSY writes the piano suite Children's Corner HENRY FORD launches the Model T, the first mass - produced car ERNEST RUTHERFORD wins the Nobel Prize for chemistry for showing that atoms are not solid PAUL EHRLICH wins the Nobel Prize for medicine for his work on 'charmed bullets' WILBUR WRIGHT makes a flight lasting more than one hour @GUGLIELMO MARCONI wins the Nobel Prize for physics ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT are hired by the US war office to develop a military aircraft LEO HENDRIK BAEKELAND invents a moldable material and calls it bakelite HENRY HEINZ'S company sets up in Canada @ALVA JOHN FISHER patents a washing machine and names it Thor WALTER GROPIUS starts practising as an architect GUGLIELMO MARCONI'S radio messages are used to capture a notorious murderer ROSSER REEVES is born ROBERT FALCON SCOTT sets out on an expedition to the South Pole MOTHER TERESA is born MARIE CURIE isolates uranium IGOR STRAVINSKY causes a sensation with a new work, The Firebird SIGMUND FREUD helps to establish the International Association of Psychoanalysis GUSTAV MAHLER completes his eighth symphony COCO CHANEL sets up as a hat designer @BILL BERNBACH is born WINSTON CHURCHILL is appointed First Lord of the Admiralty GUSTAV MAHLER dies RONALD REAGAN is born CHAD VARAH is born TENNESSEE WILLIAMS is born IGOR STRAVINSKY'S Petrushka has its first performance in Paris ROBERT FALCON SCOTT reaches the South Pole, only to find Roald Amundsen has beaten him to it MARIE CURIE wins a second Nobel Prize for chemistry @WERNHER VON BRAUN is born COCO CHANEL opens her first boutique MILTON FRIEDMAN is born GUGLIELMO MARCONI'S radio messages help save lives on the Titanic ROBERT FALCON SCOTT dies in the Antarctic on his way back from the Pole JOSEPH STALIN joins the central committee of the Russian communist party ALAN TURING is born WILBUR WRIGHT dies of typhoid CLAUDE DEBUSSY'S L'Apres Midi d'un Faune premieres in Paris with Nijinsky in the lead role CARL JUNG'S The Theory of Psychoanalysis is published @WILLY BRANDT is born ISADORA DUNCAN'S two children die in a freak car accident RICHARD NIXON is born JESSE OWENS is born EMMELINE PANKHURST is imprisoned six times. Her fellow suffragette Emily Davies throws herself under the King's horse at the Epsom Derby ROSA PARKS is born ANTON PHILIP'S company design the half-watt lamp FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE dies without having published his theory of signs PATRICK STEPTOE is born IGOR STRAVINSKY'S Rite Of Spring is staged for the first time. The performance descends into pandemonium GIDEON SUNDBACK patents the zipper MAHATMA GANDHI is jailed in South Africa - riots follow @JAMES JOYCE publishes Dubliners BABE RUTH secures a contract with a local Baltimore team ISAAC SHOENBERG arrives in Britain as an immigrant BARBARA WARD is born COCO CHANEL expands her business and begins to design clothes BORIS PASTERNAK'S first volume of verse, Twin In Clouds, is published @WINSTON CHURCHILL resigns from the British government MAHATMA GANDHI returns to India from South Africa PAUL EHRLICH dies JOHN HEARTFIELD experiments with photo-montage BILLIE HOLIDAY is born FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE'S Course in General Linguistics is published posthumously in Paris LE CORBUSIER formulates the Dom-ino system @MICHAEL COLLINS takes part in the Easter Rising FRANCIS CRICK is born MARTHA GRAHAM enrols at the Denishawn School of Dance ANTON PHILIP'S factory is producing 80,000 light bulbs a day ALBERT EINSTEIN extends the theory of relativity to include accelerated motion CHARLES DE GAULLE is taken prisoner during heavy fighting in the first world war @INDIRA GANDHI is born JOHN F KENNEDY is born BORIS PASTERNAK witnesses the February Revolution VLADIMIR LENIN returns to Russia and takes power in the October revolution EDWARD LORENZ is born FRANK McNAMARA is born ERNEST RUTHERFORD attempts to split the atom JOSEPH STALIN is appointed Commissar for Ethnic Minorities in the new Bolshevik government GIDEON SUNDBACK'S invention is named the zipper @MICHAEL COLLINS wins an election to parliament Westminster, but sets up an assembly of Sinn Fein representatives in Dublin CLAUDE DEBUSSY dies BILLY GRAHAM is born NELSON MANDELA is born JAMAL ABDUL NASSER is born WILFRED OWEN is killed in the last week of the first world war EMMELINE PANKHURST'S suffragette campaign succeeds: British women win the right to vote ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN is born VLADIMIR LENIN establishes the Cheka, forerunner of the KGB secret police. The Russian civil war breaks out @HENRY HEINZ dies EDMUND HILLARY is born MIKHAIL KALASHNIKOV is born JAMES LOVELOCK is born BERTRAND RUSSELL writes Mathematical Philosophy ERNEST RUTHERFORD splits an atom in his laboratory, proving it is not the smallest particle BENITO MUSSOLINI founds the fascist party CHARLES CHAPLIN founds United Artists along with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and D W Griffith MICHAEL COLLINS escapes through a skylight after Britain closes down the 'Irish parliament' @ALDOUS HUXLEY publishes Limbo VLADIMIR LENIN'S Red Army inflicts heavy defeats on the Whites in the Russian civil war CHARLIE "BIRD" PARKER is born WILFRED OWEN'S poems are published posthumously in a collection called Poems COCO CHANEL markets her perfume, Chanel No. 5 @CHARLES CHAPLIN directs and acts in The Kid MICHAEL COLLINS supports the partitioning of Ireland BETTY FRIEDAN is born HIROHITO makes a foreign tour and is warmly accepted in London by King George V ALDOUS HUXLEY publishes Crome Yellow VLADIMIR LENIN launches the New Economic Policy MAO ZE DONG helps found the Chinese Communist Party AKITO MORITA is born MARGARET SANGER founds the American Birth Control League ALBERT EINSTEIN is awarded the Nobel Prize for physics JEAN PIAGET joins the Institut J.-J. Rousseau as its director of studies @FREDERICK BANTING discovers a cure for diabetes CHRISTIAAN BARNARD is born HELEN GURLEY BROWN is born MICHAEL COLLINS dies in an ambush SIGMUND FREUD makes the controversial assertion that children have sexual impulses MAHATMA GANDHI is sentenced to 6 years in prison for sedition. He serves two ANTON PHILIPS takes over as chief executive of Philips BABE RUTH earns more this year than the US president @FREDERICK BANTING wins the Nobel Prize for medicine ADOLF HITLER leads an unsuccessful coup in Munich BENITO MUSSOLINI masterminds the invasion and occupation of Corfu NINETTE DE VALOIS becomes solo dancer with the Ballet Russes SIGMUND FREUD publishes The Ego And The Id @MARLON BRANDO is born FRANZ KAFKA dies VLADIMIR LENIN dies @WALTER GROPIUS designs a new building for the Bauhaus ALFRED HITCHCOCK directs The Pleasure Garden MARGARET THATCHER is born VIRGINIA WOOLF writes an experimental novel, Mrs Dalloway MALCOLM X is born @FRED ASTAIRE goes to Hollywood MILES DAVIS is born HIROHITO becomes Emperor of Japan MARILYN MONROE is born ISAAC SHOENBERG benefits from the first licence to allow television pictures to be transmitted around the world NINETTE DE VALOIS founds the Academy of Choreographic Art in London ROBERT WOODRUFF establishes a foreign department to sell Coca-Cola abroad @ISADORA DUNCAN dies in a bizarre accident ANTON PHILIPS introduces his first set of electrical radios F SHERWOOD ROWLAND is born MARGARET SANGER organises the first World Population Conference JOSEPH STALIN outmanoeuvres Leon Trotsky to become leader of the Soviet state VIRGINIA WOOLF writes To The Lighthouse HENRY FORD ceases production of the Model T FIDEL CASTRO is born @JAMES BROWN is born WALLACE CAROTHERS takes a job with Dupont NOAM CHOMSKY is born WALT DISNEY produces Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse's debut ALEXANDER FLEMING discovers penicillin ERNEST HEMINGWAY writes Death In The Afternoon HENRY MOORE holds his first exhibition at the Warren Gallery in London EMMELINE PANKHURST dies as British women win equal voting rights with men JAMES WATSON is born @YASSER ARAFAT is born ROGER BANNISTER is born ALBERT EINSTEIN conceives the unified field theory MARTIN LUTHER KING is born MOTHER TERESA volunteers to work in Bengal EDWIN HUBBLE realises that the universe is expanding MIKHAIL KALASHNIKOV, aged 10, makes his first pistol, using a tube for the barrel, and match heads for the explosives @NEIL ARMSTRONG is born W H AUDEN publishes a first collection of verse entitled Poems RICHARD DREW launches Cellophane MAHATMA GANDHI leads a march to the sea to make salt as part of a civil disobedience campaign FRANZ KAFKA'S The Castle is published posthumously HELMUT KOHL is born FRANK WHITTLE patents the jet engine AHMED ZAKI YAMANI is born ANDY WARHOL is born PAUL DIRAC develops the anti-particle theory CLARENCE BIRDSEYE'S quick-freeze method enables frozen vegetables to go on sale for the first time @MIKHAIL GORBACHEV is born RAYMOND LOEWY wins first prize for rust-free fridges at the Paris Exhibition HENRI MATISSE creates his masterpiece, Dance RUPERT MURDOCH is born VIRGINIA WOOLF writes The Waves NINETTE DE VALOIS founds the Vic-Wells Ballet @PAUL DIRAC becomes a professor at Cambridge University at the age of 29 MAHATMA GANDHI is arrested for the second time JOHN HEARTFIELD publishes a groundbreaking montage, The Spirit Of Geneva KATHARINE HEPBURN appears in A Bill Of Divorcement ALDOUS HUXLEY writes Brave New World LUC MONTAGNIER is born FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT becomes US president ending three terms of Republican rule BILL BERNBACH, employed by Schenley Distillers as an office boy, writes his first advert for Schenley's American Whiskey @FRED ASTAIRE teams up with Ginger Rogers BERTOLT BRECHT declares himself a political exile WALTER GROPIUS completes the Existenzminimum housing at Siemensstadt ADOLF HITLER comes to power in Germany CHARLES DARROW invents Monopoly whilst unemployed, using an oilcloth for the board and charms from his wife's charm bracelet as counters @BRIGITTE BARDOT is born WERNHER VON BRAUN is awarded a PhD by the Berlin Institute of Technology MARIE CURIE dies SALVADOR DALI holds his first exhibition YURI GAGARIN is born ADOLF HITLER combines the offices of Chancellor and President and declares himself 'Fuhrer' MAO ZE DONG and his army embarks on the Long March ULRIKE MEINHOF is born CHARLES DE GAULLE publishes Towards a Professional Army, stressing the importance of a mobility in the field @DAVID BEN GURION takes charge of the Jewish Agency STANLEY COHEN is born RICHARD DREW makes his first million dollars from sales of masking tape HAILE SELASSIE resists Mussolini's attack on Abyssinia FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT builds Falling Water, his most famous house BENITO MUSSOLINI'S attack on Abyssinia is condemned by the League of Nations JESSE OWENS breaks five world records and equals a sixth in the space of 45 minutes ELVIS PRESLEY is born BABE RUTH retires from baseball GIDEON SUNDBACK introduces zippers for men's trousers BILL WILSON realises the key to beating a drinking problem is support from other alcoholics CHARLES DARROW sells his idea to Parker. His board game Monopoly is introduced to Britain @HERBERT BOYER is born FRANCISCO FRANCO conspires with other generals to bring down the Spanish Government. His provisional government is recognised by Hitler and Mussolini ERNEST HEMINGWAY writes The Green Hills Of Africa JESSE OWENS makes sporting history at the Berlin Olympics FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT is re-elected with a massive majority BERTRAND RUSSELL writes Which Way To Peace? HAILE SELASSIE goes into exile in Britain ISAAC SHOENBERG develops the high definition television system, later adopted by the BBC ALAN TURING shows how a computing system can help to decipher German codes ADOLF HITLER sends German troops into the Rhineland. Britain and France do nothing to stop him BENITO MUSSOLINI signs the Axis Pact with Germany pledging himself to an alliance with Hitler LOUIS LEAKEY'S book, Stone Age Africa, is published @WALLACE CAROTHERS dies HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON photographs the coronation of King George VI and his fame spreads across Europe WALT DISNEY produces Snow White, his first feature-length cartoon ROBERT GALLO is born ERNEST HEMINGWAY returns to Spain to report on the civil war TED HOFF is born FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT becomes the first architect to appear on the cover of Time Magazine GUGLIELMO MARCONI dies GEORGE ORWELL documents the lives of the unemployed in the north of England in The Road to Wigan Pier PABLO PICASSO creates Guernica, his epic condemnation of war ERNEST RUTHERFORD dies @LASZLO BIRO produces a rudimentary ball point pen CHESTER CARLSON produces the first electrophotographic image JOHN HEARTFIELD moves to London ADOLF HITLER absorbs Austria into a Greater Germany, then annexes the Sudetenland RAYMOND LOEWY becomes an American citizen RUDOLF NUREYEV is born MARGARET SANGER wins the right to allow doctors to prescribe contraception for medical reasons KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKY dies BERTOLT BRECHT writes Galileo @WALLACE CAROTHERS gives the public its first view of nylon stockings SIGMUND FREUD dies in London GERMAINE GREER is born BENITO MUSSOLINI invades Albania in April. In May he signs the Pact of Steel with Hitler JOSEPH STALIN makes a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany ADOLF HITLER invades Poland, precipitating the second world war BERTOLT BRECHT writes Mother Courage CHARLES DE GAULLE commands armoured units as a junior officer in the French Fifth Army WINSTON CHURCHILL is taken back into the British cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty FRANCISCO FRANCO declares the Spanish civil war officially at an end @CHARLES CHAPLIN directs and appears in The Great Dictator, a satire on Nazi Germany WINSTON CHURCHILL takes over from Neville Chamberlain as Britain's prime minister CHARLES DE GAULLE flees to England when France falls, and forms the Free French Movement FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT is elected president for an unprecedented third term PELE is born MARTHA GRAHAM works on Letter to the World ADOLF HITLER defeats the Allied armies in France forcing France out of the war JOSEPH STALIN gains territory in the 'winter war' against Finland BENITO MUSSOLINI declares war on the Allies and invades France @FREDERICK BANTING dies BOB DYLAN is born CHARLES DE GAULLE forms a French provisional government in London HO CHI MINH forms the Vietminh to fight France and Japan JAMES JOYCE dies HENRY MOORE is appointed war artist in Britain CHARLIE "BIRD" PARKER makes his first recording playing baritone sax JOSEPH STALIN'S pact with Hitler collapses when Germany invades Russia ADOLF HITLER'S armies sweep across Soviet territory and reach the approaches to Moscow by winter JOSIP BROZ TITO forms partisan groups to fight the Nazis VIRGINIA WOOLF dies RACHEL CARSON publishes Under the Sea Wind WINSTON CHURCHILL secures American aide for the British war effort in the shape of the Lend Lease Act HIROHITO'S air force launches a devastating surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbour FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT declares war on Japan BENITO MUSSOLINI'S forces suffer defeat in north Africa and he is forced to accept German aid WILLIAM R HEARST bans all reference to Orson Welles after the film Citizen Kane, based on his life, is released @MUHAMMAD ALI is born SALVADOR DALI writes his autobiography The Secret Life Of Salvador Dali STEPHEN HAWKING is born KATHARINE HEPBURN and Spencer Tracy begin their screen partnership with Woman Of The Year J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER is appointed head of the US government laboratory at Los Alamos IGOR STRAVINSKY writes Circus Polka - a dance for elephants in tutus CHARLES DE GAULLE, with the help of Allied forces, liberates all French colonies in North Africa HIROHITO presides over a string of Japanese victories culminating in the decisive defeat of British forces in Singapore WINSTON CHURCHILL steers Britain to successful allied landings in North Africa ADOLF HITLER commits vast numbers of men to the battle for Stalingrad JOSEPH STALIN receives aid from America enabling Russia to defend Stalingrad FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT declares war on Germany BENITO MUSSOLINI'S regime comes under increasing pressure as Axis forces collapse in north Africa @WERNHER VON BRAUN produces the first V-2s - "Vengeance weapons" NOLAN BUSHNELL is born JOSEPH STALIN'S Red Army annihilates the entire German Sixth Army at Stalingrad, the turning-point of the war MARIO MOLINA is born ELVIS PRESLEY begins his singing career after winning a talent contest ANITA RODDICK is born LECH WALESA is born HIROHITO'S armies suffer defeats at Guadalcanal and the Battle of the Bismarck Sea ADOLF HITLER'S forces under field Marshall Rommel are driven out of North Africa WINSTON CHURCHILL is able to open the second front with the invasion of Mussolini's Italy BENITO MUSSOLINI resigns following the invasion of Sicily. Rescued by the Germans, he becomes the head of a new fascist regime in northern Italy @LEO HENDRIK BAEKELAND dies CHARLES DE GAULLE becomes joint president of the French Committee of National Liberation ALFRED HITCHCOCK releases Lifeboat CHICO MENDES is born NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE is born WINSTON CHURCHILL sends an invasion force into German-occupied France on D-Day FRANK WHITTLE'S jet engine goes into action for the first time BERTOLT BRECHT writes The Caucasian Chalk Circle WERNHER VON BRAUN'S V-2 rockets rain down on London CHARLES DE GAULLE walks in triumph through Paris after four years of Nazi rule HIROHITO becomes increasingly disillusioned as Japan suffers defeat after defeat ADOLF HITLER survives an assassination attempt launched by officers in his own army JOSEPH STALIN'S forces drive the remaining German forces from the Soviet Union FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT is elected President for the fourth time making him the longest serving President in American history CARL JUNG completes his book Psychology and Alchemy LOUIS LEAKEY discovers fossils and tools used by men of the Old Stone Age 250 000 years ago in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya @J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER oversees the detonation of the first atomic bomb, a test-run LASZLO BIRO'S first pen goes on sale in Argentina FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT dies on the eve of victory MITCHELL FEIGENBAUM is born CHARLES DE GAULLE is named head of the French provisional government HIROHITO witnesses the devastation of Hiroshima caused by the use of the atomic bomb ALEXANDER FLEMING is born BENITO MUSSOLINI is killed by Italian partisans while attempting to flee from Italy GEORGE ORWELL publishes Animal Farm JOSEPH STALIN'S armies bring the Third Reich to an end by capturing Berlin HO CHI MINH declares Vietnamese independence in Hanoi WINSTON CHURCHILL leads victory celebrations as Britain wins the second world war CHARLIE PARKER'S first recording issued in his own name is released ADOLF HITLER shoots himself in his bunker as Russian troops close in TENNESSEE WILLIAMS writes The Glass Menagerie HIROHITO forces Japan to surrender to the Allies after the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN, a junior army officer, is arrested and consigned to the gulag @BILLY GRAHAM makes his first visit to Britain MOTHER TERESA receives a divine call to help the poor of Calcutta @YASSER ARAFAT witnesses the partitioning of Palestine between Arabs and Jews HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON founds the Magnum Photo Agency MILES DAVIS is named New Star of The Year in the Esquire Critics' poll ALVA JOHN FISHER dies STEVEN SPIELBERG is born BILL WILSON'S organisation Alcoholics Anonymous gains recognition in Britain FRANCISCO FRANCO is declared head of state for life in Spain TENNESSEE WILLIAMS writes A Streetcar Named Desire MARLON BRANDO'S performance in A Streetcar Named Desire catapults him to stardom DAVID BEN GURION and Golda Meir unsuccessfully beg Irgun to end all terrorist attacks MIKHAIL KALASHNIKOV produces the first 'Avtomat Kalashnikova', the AK-47 rifle @YASSER ARAFAT goes into exile DAVID BEN GURION becomes prime minister of the Provisional government as Israel is declared MAHATMA GANDHI is assassinated ALFRED HITCHCOCK produces Rope, his first film in colour NELSON MANDELA witnesses the Nationalist Party led by Dr Malan win the elections BABE RUTH dies ORVILLE WRIGHT dies MARTHA GRAHAM works on Diversion of Angels @SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR writes The Second Sex PABLO ESCOBAR is born RAYMOND LOEWY becomes the first designer to appear on the cover of Time Magazine MAO ZE DONG proclaims the People's Republic of China GEORGE ORWELL publishes 1984 ILYICH RAMIREZ SANCHEZ is born BILL BERNBACH, Ned Doyle and Maxwell Dane form the Doyle Dane Bernbach advertising agency @LUIS BUNUEL'S film Los Olvidados wins the Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival MARILYN MONROE begins to make her presence felt in Hollywood with the film All About Eve GEORGE ORWELL dies MOTHER TERESA founds the Mission of Charity STEPHAN WOZNIAK is born JOHN HEARTFIELD returns to Berlin BERTRAND RUSSELL wins the Nobel Prize for literature WILLIAM DEMING makes his first trip to Japan FRANK McNAMARA takes a group of friends to a New York restaurant and forgets his wallet. His embarrassment gives him the idea for Diners' Club, the first chargecard @WINSTON CHURCHILL is re-elected prime minister SALVADOR DALI announces that for him "Surrealism is over" WILLIAM R. HEARST dies KATHARINE HEPBURN wins her fourth Academy Award nomination ANTON PHILIPS dies GREGORY PINCUS begins working on the contraceptive pill BILL WILSON dies NELSON MANDELA witnesses the end of the 'Colored' vote in South Africa JAMAL ABDUL NASSER sees British troops take control of the Suez Canal MARLON BRANDO stars in the film version of A Streetcar Named Desire, voted best film of 1951 FRANCIS CRICK and JAMES WATSON begin research into the molecular structure of DNA RACHEL CARSON publishes The Sea around Us